The Mongolian Version of the ECR-R: A Psychometric Evaluation in a University Student Sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56380/mjer.v31.1.7Keywords:
reliability, validity, attachment style, ECR-RAbstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Mongolian version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), which assesses adult attachment anxiety and avoidance. A total of 551 university students (aged 18-36; 81.5% female; M = 20.6, SD = 2.64) from four universities in Ulaanbaatar participated voluntarily, and 359 completed a 14-day retest. The questionnaire was translated into Mongolian following international guidelines, including forward and back translation. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s α = .950 for the total scale, .900 for Anxiety, .891 for Avoidance), as was test–retest reliability (ICC = .946 and .928, respectively). The scale-level content validity index was 0.88. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor structure, and items A9r, A11r, A16, and A21 did not load adequately. In confirmatory factor analysis, the best-fitting 24-item model showed unsatisfactory fit (CFI = 0.816, TLI = 0.800, RMSEA = 0.086, SRMR = 0.078), so the hypothesized two-dimensional structure was not fully supported. The Mongolian ECR-R demonstrates high reliability and acceptable content validity, but its factor structure requires further refinement, including bifactor and culturally adapted models, in more diverse samples.
Downloads
References
Alonso-Arbiol, I., Balluerka, N., Shaver, P., & Gillath, O. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Spanish and American versions of the ECR adult attachment questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.24.1.9
Bat-Erdene, E., Tumurbaatar, E., Tumur-Ochir, G., Jamiyandorj, O., Jadamba, T., Yamamoto, E., Hamajima, N., Oka, T., & Lkhagvasuren, B. (2023). Validation of the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life in Mongolia: A population-based cross-sectional study among adults in Ulaanbaatar. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 85(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.18999/nagjms.85.1.79
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making & breaking of affectional bonds. Routledge.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). Guilford Press.
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2), 3-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333824
Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., Foo, D. H. P., & Hon, Y. K. (2024). Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 49(1), e3. https://doi.org/10.5395/RDE.2024.49.E3
Busonera, A., Martini, P. S., Santona, A., & Zavattini, G. C. (2014). Psychometric properties of an Italian version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 785-801. https://doi.org/10.2466/03.21.PR0.114k23w9
Dupont, K., Gervai, J., Danis, I., Toth, I., Koren, R., & Torok, S. (2022). Factor structure, psychometric properties, and validation of the Hungarian version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-R-HU) questionnaire in a nationally representative community sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 104(6), 747-758. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2021.2019054
Esbjørn, B. H., Breinholst, S., Niclasen, J., Skovgaard, L. F., & Lange, K. (2015). Identifying the best-fitting factor structure of the Experience of Close Relations-Revised in a Scandinavian example. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137218. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137218
Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 132-154. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.132
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
Hayee, A. A., & Kamal, A. (2023). Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised: Urdu translation and validation for Pakistani married adults. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 4(3), 768-780. https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2023(4-III)71
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
Jones, J. A., Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. (2015). Adult attachment style and parenting. In Attachment theory and research: New directions and emerging themes. Guilford Publications.
Kim, S.-H., Sherry, A. R., Lee, Y.-S., & Kim, C.-D. (2011). Psychometric properties of a translated Korean adult attachment measure. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(3), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611409842
Kooiman, C., Klaassens, E., van Heloma Lugt, J. Q., & Kamperman, A. (2012). Psychometrics and validity of the Dutch Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) in an outpatient mental health sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.740540
Kumar, R. M. (2022). Assessing the psychometric properties of Hindi version of Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 16(4), 402-406. https://doi.org/10.30564/jpr.v3i3.3464
Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
Tsend, B., Nasanbat, N., Batsukh, E., Sainbat, U., Marsgerel, B., & Bat-Ulzii, N. (2026). Psychometric Properties of the Mongolian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Child Version. Lavai-International Journal of Education, 22(34), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.5564/lavai.v22i34.4598
Tumurbaatar, E., Hiramoto, T., Tumur-Ochir, G., Jargalsaikhan, O., Erkhembayar, R., Jadamba, T., & Lkhagvasuren, B. (2021). Translation, reliability, and structural validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general population of Mongolia. Neuroscience Research Notes, 4(3 Suppl.), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v4i3Suppl.101
Tumurbaatar, E., Jargalsaikhan, O., Tumur-Ochir, G., & Belovol, E. (2022). Reliability and validity of the Mongolian version of Affective Touch Questionnaire. Neuroscience Research Notes, 5(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.100
